Donating Plasma In California

Donating Plasma In CaliforniaPlasma donations take your plasma, which is the liquid portion of blood often used in emergencies. This detailed video takes viewers through all of the steps a first-time plasma donor would experience during the process of donating lifesaving plasma. The need for plasma and plasma donors is more urgent than ever before. Generally, donating plasma is about a 90-minute endeavor, according to many plasma center websites. Plasma Donation in Van Nuys, Los Angeles Plasma Center Address 6454 Van Nuys Blvd, Ste 100, Van Nuys, CA 91401 HOURS OF OPERATION sun 7:00 am - 7:00 pm mon 6:00 am - 7:00 pm tue 6:00 am - 7:00 pm wed 6:00 am - 7:00 pm thu 6:00 am - 7:00 pm fri 6:00 am - 7:00 pm sat 7:00 am - 7:00 pm 818-997-6033 New Donors Return Donors About Plasma. You can make a difference and save lives by donating plasma. Find a Plasma Donation Center Near You. There are three simple steps to discover how to donate plasma. Top 10 Best Paid Blood Plasma Donation Centers in Los Angeles, CA - May 2023 - Yelp Los Angeles, CA Health & Medical Paid Blood Plasma Donation Centers Best Paid. Best paid plasma donation centers near me in Los Angeles, California Sort:Recommended Price 1. California Blood Banks & Plasma Donation Centers. Find a plasma donation center near you and start saving lives today. Your body replaces the donated plasma within 24 to 48 hours. Top 10 Best Donating Plasma for Money in San Diego, CA. Food and Drug Administration’s guidelines, which permit two plasma donations within a seven-day period, with at least 48 hours in between donations. Donating plasma in San Antonio: why it's important. BioLife Plasma Services. Find Octapharma Plasma Donation Centers in Los Angeles, CA. Center Detail | CSL Plasma account_circle My Account/Sign Up Your Rewards login/sign-up page is now available here. Biolife Plasma Services 4 Blood & Plasma Donation Centers “Unfortunately this organization has so much red tape when it comes to donating that you are better” more 5. Make an Appointment Key Facts About Plasma Donations Type AB plasma is the only universal type and can be given to patients of any blood type Only 4 percent of the population has type AB blood. Steps to donate 1. org to learn more and to find a donation center near you. 2410 Grifols Way, Los Angeles, CA 90032-3514 USA. Plasma donations take your plasma, which is the liquid portion of blood often used in emergencies. Top 10 Best Donating Plasma for Money in Escondido, CA. Make Appointment Now Your Blood Donation Can Help Save Lives Make an appointment Learn about donating blood Are you eligible?. BioLife Plasma Services 23 Blood & Plasma Donation Centers “All in all, a good experience for my first time donating plasma. Please consider donating plasma again! New donors must donate plasma within 6 months before a donation can be used. I was able to be in and out in about an hour. Weigh at least 110 pounds (50kg). New donor compensation* You can receive. To donate at CSL Plasma, a person must be in good health, between the ages of 18-74, weigh at least 110 pounds, have no tattoos or piercings within the last 4 months, meet eligibility and. Donating PlasmaPlasma is the liquid portion of the blood that carries clotting factors and proteins. Best Donating Plasma for Money in Oceanside, CA. “To all those deciding to donate plasma for instant cash will be delighted to hear of Octapharma (” more. To donate at CSL Plasma, a person must be in good health, between the ages of 18-74, weigh at least 110 pounds, have no tattoos or piercings within the last 4. Find a Grifols plasma donation center near. The first donation can take about 2 hours, and maybe a little more time. In California, there are laws and regulations that restrict certain individuals from donating blood or plasma, including those with a history of certain criminal offenses, such as sex offenses. In California, there are laws and regulations that restrict certain individuals from donating blood or plasma, including those with a history of certain criminal offenses, such as sex offenses. You Should Know Before Donating Plasma. Biolife Plasma Services 4 Blood & Plasma Donation Centers “Unfortunately this organization has so much red tape when it comes to donating that you are better” more 5. Before making your next platelet donation, you must wait seven days or one week. Find Octapharma Plasma Donation Centers in Los Angeles, CA OR OR DETECT MY LOCATION Azusa 194 (COMING SOON) 485 East Gladstone Street, Azusa, CA 91702 Center Details Directions Colton-462 1101 N. You can donate every 28 days, up to 13 times per year. Octapharma Plasma adheres to all U. Additional height and weight requirements apply for donors 18 years old and younger and all high school student donors. To get started or to view your rewards dashboard, select My Account/Sign Up. Check with the facility to determine their specific requirements, but generally plasma. Borderland: Federal judge to CBP: Mexican visa holders can donate plasma for money Reveles is accused of shooting a man at about 8 p. During this donation, plasma is separated from other parts of your blood, and your red. html/RK=2/RS=DTlwhT46Idc01v_DMn7qyntlpe8-" referrerpolicy="origin" target="_blank">See full list on hhs. Proof of Social Security number 3. It takes between 90 minutes to three hours, usually involves two needles, and utilizes a machine that separates your plasma out and then pumps the rest of your blood back into your body. Rating : Name: Address: City: Zip: American Red Cross: 625 E Main St: Alhambra: 91801-4049: OCTAPHARMA PLASMA DONATION CENTER SAN DIEGO – DUKE STREET: 3232 Duke St: San Diego: 92110: Pyramid Biological Corp:. A valid Photo ID (such as a Driver’s License) 2. Find Octapharma Plasma Donation Centers in Los Angeles, CA OR OR DETECT MY LOCATION Azusa 194 (COMING SOON) 485 East Gladstone Street, Azusa, CA 91702 Center Details Directions Colton-462 1101 N. Vitalant - Donate Blood, Plasma or Platelets | Vitalant Close Donate in May for a chance to win 1 of 3 $5,000 prepaid gift cards Gift cards are redeemable via email. Donating blood or platelets is safe and easy. Plasma Donation Centers in California OR OR DETECT MY LOCATION Azusa 194 (COMING SOON) 485 East Gladstone Street, Azusa, CA 91702 Center Details Directions Bakersfield-826 118 Oak Street, Bakersfield, CA 93304 661-578-5768 Center Details Directions Clovis-478 1828 Clovis Avenue, Clovis, CA 93612 559-298-7433 Center Details Directions Colton-462. To donate at CSL Plasma, a person must be in good health, between the ages of 18-74, weigh at least 110 pounds, have no tattoos or piercings within the last 4 months, meet eligibility and. Donating plasma is usually safe. You can donate plasma every two days, and no more than twice in a 7-day period. Donating plasma is safe and easy – similar to donating blood. 2 (27 reviews) Blood & Plasma Donation Centers “and tell you cant donate today even after the employees that make appointments tell you to come in and make you an appointment” more 2. How often can you donate blood? All about the types of blood donations. Riverside, CA 92507. Eligibility Requirements Potential plasma donors must meet the following requirements: Donors must be at least 18 years of age. , a Johns Hopkins trained transfusion medicine physician, located in El Cajon California. New donor compensation* You can receive up to $500 this month. Best Donating Plasma for Money in Fontana, CA. 2 days ago · Updated: 6:49 AM CDT May 11, 2023. Best paid plasma donation centers near me in Los Angeles, California Sort:Recommended Price 1. Central California Blood Center 8 Blood & Plasma Donation Centers “Came in to donate with my daughter, who was a first-time donor. Donate plasma today at a CSL Plasma center near you. Step by Step: The Plasma Donation Process The Plasma Process A Plasma Donor Must: 1. , a Johns Hopkins trained transfusion medicine physician, located in El Cajon California. Stockton 29 E March Ln Stockton, CA 95207 Directions > New Search > P: 209-926-2544 Mon - 9:00am - 6:00pm Tue - 9:00am - 6:00pm Wed - 9:00am - 6:00pm. To donate at CSL Plasma, a person must be in good health, between the ages of 18-74, weigh at least 110 pounds, have no tattoos or piercings within the last 4 months, meet eligibility and. 191 Blood Bank Locations in California. For thousands of Americans, donating plasma is a lifeline. Best paid plasma donation centers near me in Los Angeles, California Sort:Recommended Price 1. How much do you get for donating plasma in California? Plasma donation pays $20 for 60 minutes, $30 for 90 minutes and up to $45 for 120 minutes. “you are that day + your blood pressure + thus how fast your blood donation will be. SAN ANTONIO — Most of us know the importance of donating blood, but plasma is a much needed donation too. This could be a little girl in the ICU or a mother with Stage 3 leukemia. PLASMA DONORS NEEDED TO SAVE LIVES. CRT is a renowned plasma donation center run by Peter Miller, M. Donating plasma is safe if you're a healthy adult, but there are some risks to consider. parking is easy* i came in for platelets and plasma donation. UCLA Blood and Platelet Center- Ackerman Union. Eligibility Requirements Potential plasma donors must meet the following requirements: Donors must be at least 18 years of age. By checking you confirm that you have read and agree with the Terms and Conditions. Find a Plasma Donation Center. Donating plasma is safe and easy – similar to donating blood. Mount Vernon Avenue, Colton, CA 92324 909-424-0318 Center Details Directions Garden Grove-471 10870 Katella Avenue - Ste D,. This means that if you donate on Monday, you can donate again on Wednesday. Still, to ensure high standards of care and hygiene, only donate at accredited centers. Vitalant - Donate Blood, Plasma or Platelets | Vitalant Close Donate in May for a chance to win 1 of 3 $5,000 prepaid gift cards Gift cards are redeemable via email. Are sex offenders banned from donating plasma in California. Donate Plasma in Fresno, CA. California Plasma Centers – 16 Plasma Centers Octapharma Plasma, Inc. gov%2foidp%2ftopics%2fblood-tissue-safety%2fgiving-plasma%2findex. Best Paid Plasma Donation Centers in Los Angeles, CA ">Top 10 Best Paid Plasma Donation Centers in Los Angeles, CA. How much do you get for donating plasma in California? Plasma donation pays $20 for 60 minutes, $30 for 90 minutes and up to $45 for 120 minutes. Top 10 Best Donating Plasma for Money in Fontana, CA - April 2023 - Yelp Fontana, CA Health & Medical Donating Plasma for Money Best donating plasma for money near me in Fontana, California Sort:Recommended Price 1. donating plasma in California ">Are sex offenders banned from donating plasma in California. Tuesday in the parking lot of Talecris Plasma. Octapharma Plasma - San Diego. Food and Drug Administration, which regulates plasma collection in the United States. A Plasma Donor Must: 1. Does donating plasma have long term effects? Potential Long-Term Effects of Donating Plasma For donors who donate frequently or for an extended amount of time, there is a risk for depleting immunoglobulin levels, which can lower the ability to fight off infections. CSL Plasma">Center Detail. Read more What You Need to Bring 1. They made my experience very simple and comforting. Platelet donations can be made up to 24 times a year. Donate Plasma with Grifols. Plasma donation in California: Plasma donation in California takes place twice a week. Food and Drug Administration’s guidelines, which permit two plasma donations within a seven-day period, with at least 48 hours in between donations. Mon - 7:00am Sign up to receive information about plasma donation and see new donor fees in your area. 2 Create an Account Register below to schedule an appointment. Plasma Donation Centers in California OR OR DETECT MY LOCATION Azusa 194 (COMING SOON) 485 East Gladstone Street, Azusa, CA 91702 Center Details Directions Bakersfield-826 118 Oak Street, Bakersfield, CA 93304 661-578-5768 Center Details. The need for plasma and plasma donors is more urgent than ever before. Hours Sunday:06:30 AM - 04:00 PM Monday:06:30 AM - 07:30 PM. Best paid plasma donation centers near me in Los Angeles, …. If you’re worried about needles, don’t be—most blood donors compare the experience to a mild, split-second pinch! The entire process is very safe and very fast, and you will feel amazing knowing you potentially. Your body replaces the donated plasma within 24 to 48 hours. San Diego, CA, 92115. Welcome to BioLife Plasma - Plasma Center in Fresno, CA OPENING 9/22/22 Address: 5636 N Blackstone Ave, Fresno, CA 93710 Get Your New Donor Bonus In 3 Easy Steps 1 Grab the Coupon Print the coupon below, save it to your phone, or take a screen shot. Reviews on Paid Plasma Donation Centers in Los Angeles, CA - UCLA Blood & Platelet Center, Octapharma Plasma - Van Nuys, Biomat USA, Octapharma Plasma - Garden Grove, American Red Cross Blood Services Southern California Region. Plasma Donation in Van Nuys, Los Angeles Plasma Center Address 6454 Van Nuys Blvd, Ste 100, Van Nuys, CA 91401 HOURS OF OPERATION sun 7:00 am - 7:00 pm mon 6:00 am - 7:00 pm tue 6:00 am - 7:00 pm wed 6:00 am - 7:00 pm thu 6:00 am - 7:00 pm fri 6:00 am - 7:00 pm sat 7:00 am - 7:00 pm 818-997-6033 New Donors Return Donors About. San Diego Blood Bank 38 Blood & Plasma Donation Centers Open until 9:00 PM “My phlebotomist, Tess, went out of her way to make my plasma donation as quick and painless as” more 2. Browse our current promotions Blood donor eligibility You must meet certain criteria to donate blood or platelets. Be at least 17 years old in most states (16 years old with parental consent in some states). Those who donate plasma help people impacted by serious and rare diseases live. Donate Blood, Plasma or Platelets. Plasma Donation in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, CA. Plasma Donation in Fresno, CA Plasma Center Address 1828 Clovis Avenue, Clovis, CA 93612 PLASMA DONATION HOURS sun 6:00 am - 7:00 pm mon 6:00 am - 7:00 pm tue. American Red Cross Blood Services Southern California Region. In the 90 minutes it takes to donate, they make five times the federal minimum wage. University of California - Irvine Medical Center - Blood Donor Center. Octapharma Plasma - San Diego 90 Blood & Plasma Donation Centers Midway. Make an Appointment Key Facts About Plasma Donations Type AB plasma is the only universal type and can be given to patients of any blood type Only 4 percent of the. com/_ylt=AwrhdvTRg2BkQvQjiDtXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzQEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1684075602/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww. Proof of current address Read more Tips Before Donating 1. UCLA Blood & Platelet Center 112 Medical Centers Blood &. SanDiego-CA Plasma Donation Centers in San Diego, CA | Plasma < Back to all centers Biomat USA San Diego 7150 El Cajon Boulevard San Diego, CA, 92115 619-521-5850. Have not donated blood in the last 56 days. Billion Plasma Industry May Be Putting Donors at Risk">The $24 Billion Plasma Industry May Be Putting Donors at Risk. 2 days ago · SAN ANTONIO — Most of us know the importance of donating blood, but plasma is a much needed donation too. Best donating plasma for money near me in Oceanside, California Sort:Recommended Price 1. Donation frequency: Every 28 days, up to 13 times/year* You must have type AB blood; You must be in good health and feeling well** You must be at least 17 years old; You. Best donating plasma for money near me in Escondido, California Sort:Recommended All Price Open Now San Diego Blood Bank 12 Blood & Plasma Donation Centers “All of the ladies that helped me were amazing and extremely friendly. Octapharma Plasma Donation Center: 6454 Van Nuys Blvd # 151: Van Nuys: 91401-1445: United Blood Service: 1756 Eastman Ave # 104: Ventura: 93003-5756: High Desert. Los Angeles, CA 90032-3514 USA. Visit our center for more information. -based company that collects plasma used to create life-saving medicines for patients around the world. These plasma centers are located all over the nation and include: Biomat USA, Talecris Plasma Resources, IBBI, and PlasmaCare. About BioLife About Plasma Become a Donor Current Donor Locations Careers Contact Us. Plasma Donation Centers in California OR OR DETECT MY LOCATION Azusa 194 (COMING SOON) 485 East Gladstone Street, Azusa, CA 91702 Center Details Directions Bakersfield-826 118 Oak Street, Bakersfield, CA 93304 661-578-5768 Center Details Directions Clovis-478 1828 Clovis Avenue, Clovis, CA 93612 559-298-7433 Center Details Directions Colton-462. We are committed to provide our donors unparalleled service as we recognize the value of plasma donations in the development of life-saving therapies and treatments. Every two seconds, someone in the U. Find Octapharma Plasma Donation Centers in Los Angeles, CA OR OR DETECT MY LOCATION Azusa 194 (COMING SOON) 485 East Gladstone Street, Azusa, CA 91702 Center Details Directions Colton-462 1101 N. We run more than 150 Plasma Donation Centers in the U. We show the amount as a range because it depends on the volume of plasma you’re allowed to donate each time you make a plasma donation. Borderland: Federal judge to CBP: Mexican visa holders can donate plasma for money Reveles is accused of shooting a man at about 8 p. 8 (20 reviews) Blood & Plasma Donation Centers. Plasma Donation in Van Nuys, Los Angeles Plasma Center Address 6454 Van Nuys Blvd, Ste 100, Van Nuys, CA 91401 HOURS OF OPERATION sun 7:00 am - 7:00 pm mon 6:00 am - 7:00 pm tue 6:00 am - 7:00 pm wed 6:00 am - 7:00 pm thu 6:00 am - 7:00 pm fri 6:00 am - 7:00 pm sat 7:00 am - 7:00 pm 818-997-6033 New Donors Return Donors About Plasma. “is very old and outdated, which is weird because I didn't realize donating plasma had been around” more. Donating plasma is safe and easy – similar to donating blood. CRT is a renowned plasma donation center run by Peter Miller, M. The first time you do it, expect to be there at least two hours, since there will be a. How much do you get for donating plasma in California? You can expect to be paid around $20 to $50 per donation. Steps to donate 1. Octapharma Plasma adheres to all U. SAN ANTONIO — Most of us know the importance of donating blood, but plasma is a much needed donation too. Grifols Plasma has over 300 donation centers across the United States, making it easy to donate plasma. Specifically, individuals who are required to register as sex offenders under California law are prohibited from donating blood or plasma. California Plasma Centers – 16 Plasma Centers Octapharma Plasma, Inc. Octapharma Plasma - Clovis 2. Plasma donation in California: Plasma donation in California takes place twice a week. Hours Sunday:05:30 AM - 03:00 PM Monday:05:30 AM - 06:30 PM. Plasma Donations Current and New Plasma Donors click below to start your donation Process! DONATE NOW! Thank you for your interest in donating plasma. S and employ more than 3,500 people nationally. SanDiego-CA Plasma Donation Centers in San Diego, CA | Plasma < Back to all centers Biomat USA San Diego 7150 El Cajon Boulevard San Diego, CA, 92115 619-521-5850 Schedule Appointment Driving Directions This Grifols center offers: Appointments Donor Hub Donation requirements 1. Best paid plasma donation centers near me in Los Angeles, California Sort:Recommended Price 1. CRT is a renowned plasma donation center run by Peter Miller, M. Are sex offenders banned from donating plasma in California and …. BioLife Plasma Services">BioLife Plasma Services. Plasma Donation Centers in San Francisco">Find Octapharma Plasma Donation Centers in San Francisco. Plasma Donation Center Near You. We are committed to provide our donors unparalleled service as we recognize the value of plasma donations in the development of life-saving therapies and treatments. “I donated plasma at a different plasma donation center, twice a week, for OVER THREE YEARS. During this donation, plasma is separated from other parts of your blood, and your red. CA Plasma Donation Centers in San Diego, CA. In California, there are laws and regulations that restrict certain individuals from donating blood or plasma, including those with a history of certain criminal offenses, such as sex offenses. *Compensation amounts are subject to change. Plasma donations take your plasma, which is the liquid portion of blood often used in emergencies. Should I be nervous about donating plasma? Mild to severe pain in the arm or chest is common. Donating Plasma for Money. We encourage you to learn more about iron and donating blood. Reward Learn more about the steps to donating plasma. Mount Vernon Avenue, Colton, CA 92324 909-424-0318 Center Details Directions Garden Grove-471 10870 Katella Avenue - Ste D, Garden Grove, CA 92804. The need for plasma and plasma donors is more urgent than ever before. How much do you get for donating plasma in California? You can expect to be paid around $20 to $50 per donation. Central California Blood Center 8 Blood & Plasma Donation Centers “Came in to donate with my daughter, who was a first-time donor. Americans supply two-thirds of the world's. UCLA Blood & Platelet Center 112 Medical Centers Blood & Plasma Donation Centers UCLA “phone and in person. Plasma Donation Centers in Los Angeles, CA">Find Octapharma Plasma Donation Centers in Los Angeles, CA. SAN ANTONIO — Most of us know the importance of donating blood, but plasma is a much needed donation too. Welcome to BioLife Plasma - Plasma Center in Fresno, CA OPENING 9/22/22 Address: 5636 N Blackstone Ave, Fresno, CA 93710 Get Your New Donor Bonus In 3 Easy Steps 1 Grab the Coupon Print the coupon below, save it to your phone, or take a screen shot. Reviews on Donating Plasma for Money in Escondido, CA - San Diego Blood Bank, Phlebotomy Training Academy, Octapharma Plasma - San Diego, StemExpress Stem Cell Collection Center, Biomat USA. Find information about the Grifols donation center in Moreno Valley, CA. Find a Plasma Donation Center Near You | CSL Plasma Find Nearest Center account_circle My Account/Sign Up Donate Plasma Today at a Location Near You DO THE AMAZING. California Blood Banks and California Plasma Donation Centers. Top 10 Best Paid Plasma Donation Centers in Los Angeles, CA. Start donating plasma and help save and improve lives. 2410 Grifols Way, Los Angeles, CA 90032-3514 USA. Plasma is needed to treat burn victims, trauma patients and those battling. She was nervous and the staff went” more 4. Find Octapharma Plasma Donation Centers in San Francisco. SanDiego-CA Plasma Donation Centers in San Diego, CA | Plasma < Back to all centers Biomat USA San Diego 7150 El Cajon Boulevard San Diego, CA, 92115 619-521-5850 Schedule Appointment Driving Directions This Grifols center offers: Appointments Donor Hub Donation requirements 1. California Blood Banks & Plasma Donation Centers ">California Blood Banks & Plasma Donation Centers. Should I be nervous about donating plasma? Mild to severe pain in the arm or chest is common. But when scientists sent a solar-powered balloon in the zone between about 10 and 50 kilometres above the. Octapharma Plasma - Van Nuys 165. Directions > New Search > P: 209-926-2544. Return visits can take about 90 minutes and may be quicker. It takes between 90 minutes to three hours, usually involves two needles, and utilizes a machine that separates your plasma out and then pumps the rest of your blood back into your body. We show the amount as a range because it depends on the volume of plasma you’re allowed to donate each time you make a plasma donation. For plasma donations, you can donate up to 13 times a year. Make an Appointment Key Facts About Plasma Donations Type AB plasma is the only universal type and can be given to patients of any blood type Only 4 percent of the population has type AB blood. How much do you get for donating plasma in California? You can expect to be paid around $20 to $50 per donation. Grifols manages every aspect of the. Top 10 Best Donating Plasma for Money in Fontana, CA - April 2023 - Yelp Fontana, CA Health & Medical Donating Plasma for Money Best donating plasma for money near me in Fontana, California Sort:Recommended Price 1. Blood & Plasma Donation Centers. Find a Plasma Donation Center Near You | CSL Plasma Find Nearest Center account_circle My Account/Sign Up Donate Plasma Today at a Location Near You DO THE AMAZING. Stockton, CA 95207. If you meet the eligibility requirements, call the CHOC Blood Bank at 714-509-8339 for more information or to schedule an appointment. Top 10 Best Donating Plasma for Money in Oceanside, CA. org to learn more and to find a donation center near you. Plasma products are used by burn, trauma and cancer patients. Every two seconds, someone in the U. Reward Learn more about the steps to donating plasma. The FDA sets the guidelines and it’s based on weight the ranges are 110-149. The FDA sets the guidelines and it's based on weight – the ranges are 110-149 pounds, 150-174 pounds, and 175-400 pounds. Plasma Donation Fresno, CA. Find a plasma donation center Search Retrieving Geo Data. 2410 Grifols Way, Los Angeles, CA 90032-3514 USA. People can find the nearest center with an online locator provided by. Donating plasma: What are the side effects and risks?. Stratosphere, a layer of atmosphere above the Earth, is believed to be calm and quiet. Specifically, individuals who are required to register as sex offenders under California law are prohibited from donating blood or plasma. By checking you confirm that you have read and agree with the Terms and Conditions. Learn more All donors get a $10 gift card thru May 15. How much do you get for donating plasma in California? Plasma donation pays $20 for 60 minutes, $30 for 90 minutes and up to $45 for 120 minutes. Those who donate plasma help people impacted by. Our equipment is brand new, sterile and disposable, and your time can save a life. Blood & Plasma Donation Centers. Best donating plasma for money near me in Oceanside, California Sort:Recommended Price 1.